Leveraging Policy Synergy for Sustainable E-Waste Management in India: A Comparative Policy–Technology Analysis (2011–2025)

India's e-waste management system has experienced a significant transition from disjointed, rule-based methods to a more cohesive and digitally-oriented Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) framework. This change signifies a broader evolution in the Indian government's strategy towards achieving sustainability and circular economy objectives.

Although there are evident indicators of advancement, numerous challenges persist. These challenges encompass the entrenched influence of the informal sector, inefficiencies in waste processing, difficulties in tracking materials such as leather, and deficiencies in regulatory oversight that hinder the effectiveness of waste valorization policies.

This report utilizes a mixed-methods research approach, which includes mapping policy developments from 2011 to 2025, engaging in dialogues with key stakeholders, and employing a cloud-based AI analytics system to analyze national and producer-level waste flow data.

Building upon previous research, this study investigates the establishment of an AI-Enabled Circular Governance Framework (AICGF). This framework integrates Internet of Things (IoT) sensor data, blockchain-based material traceability, and machine learning algorithms to forecast waste flow hotspots and enhance reverse logistics within the supply chain.

The analysis reveals that while the digitization of EPR processes in 2022 has enhanced transparency and increased participation from the formal sector, challenges such as low recycling rates and ongoing leakage into the informal sector continue to exist. Simulations of the AICGF indicate potential enhancements of approximately 41% in traceability, a 27% increase in recovery yield, and an anticipated 23% decrease in unrecovered waste—especially when combined with supportive fiscal and policy initiatives