A Literature Review On How Cave Hyenas And Humans Conflicted And Co-Existed

This study aims to make a comprehensive analysis of the competition between cave hyenas (Crocuta crocuta spelaea/Crocuta spelaea) and humans (Homo neanderthalensis & Homo sapiens) in Europe during the Pleistocene epoch through a literature review. Initially, a total of thirty-six papers had been collected, which were, over time, narrowed down and eliminated to twenty-eight relevant sources, which have all been considered for this study. The sources focus on the chronological distribution and genetic identity of cave hyenas, the overlap of hominin/lithic remains with those of cave hyenas at faunal assemblage sites and the possibility of mutual predation and territorial attacks. Most cases show alternating use of cave sites by hyenas and humans; despite their significant niche overlap, direct encounters are only possibilities in carnivore/hominin modified faunal assemblages—there are no such documented cases. Due to the process of fossilisation, it is unfeasible for other parts of their known habitats to be considered. Therefore, all inferences and conclusions on the level of competition between the two species has been based on the assessment of faunal assemblages in caves.