Integration of Green Propellants in Advanced Chemical Propulsion Systems: Challenges and Innovations for Future Rocketry

This paper reviews the integration of green propellants, such as HAN-based AF-M315E and ADN-based LMP-103S, into advanced chemical propulsion systems in order to replace toxic hydrazine and UDMH, addressing their environmental harm from emissions like 300 tons of CO per launch, high carcinogenicity, and handling costs. Despite superior performance metrics such as specific impulse (Isp) of 250-260s compared to hydrazine’s 230-235s, higher density impulse, and reduced toxicity allowing for easier ground operations; these alternatives face challenges including catalyst preheating above 350